====== Tutorials ======

===== Download entire websites easy =====

[GNU Wget](http://www.gnu.org/software/wget/) is a nice tool for downloading resources from the internet. The basic usage is `wget url`:

> `wget http://linuxreviews.org/`

The power of [wget](http://community.linuxmint.com/software/view/wget) is that you may download sites recursive, meaning you also get all pages (and images and other data) linked on the front page:

> `wget -r http://linuxreviews.org/`

But many sites do not want you to download their entire site. To prevent this, they check how browsers identify. Many sites refuse you to connect or send a blank page if they detect you are not using a web-browser. You might get a message like:

> *Sorry, but the download manager you are using to view this site is not supported. We do not support use of such download managers as flashget, go!zilla, or getright*

There is a very handy `-U` option for sites like this. Use

> `-U My-browser`

to tell the site you are using some commonly accepted browser:

> wget -r -p -U Mozilla http://www.stupidsite.com/restricedplace.html

A web-site owner will probably get upset if you attempt to download his entire site using a simple

> `wget http://foo.bar`

command. However, the web-site owner will not even notice you if you limit the download transfer rate and pause between fetching files.

To make sure you are not manually added to a blacklist, **the most important command line options** are` --limit-rate=` and` --wait= .`

To pause 20 seconds between retrievals you should add

> `--wait=20`

and to limit the download rate use something like

> `--limit-rate=20K`

as this option defaults to bytes, add K to set KB/s.

Example:

> `wget --wait=20 --limit-rate=20K -r -p -U Mozilla http://www.stupidsite.com/restricedplace.html`

A very handy option that guarantees wget will not download anything from the folders beneath the folder you want to acquire is:

> `--no-parent`

Use this to make sure wget does not fetch more than it needs to if you just want to download the files in a folder.

Read the [manual page](http://linuxreviews.org/man/wget/) for wget to learn more about GNU Wget. The full official manual is available [here](http://www.gnu.org/software/wget/manual/).

The original version of this how-to is available at http://linuxreviews.org/quicktips/wget/wget.en.pdf

Copyright (c) 2000-2004 [Øyvind Sæther](http://oyvinds.everdot.org/). Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.2 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover Texts. A copy of the license is included in the section entitled ["GNU Free Documentation License"](http://www.gnu.org/licenses/fdl.html).

===== LibreOffice and OpenOffice Keyboard Shortcuts =====

### General Shortcuts for LibreOffice / OpenOffice

**Ctrl + A** : Select All
**Ctrl + F** : Find and Replace
**Ctrl + Y** : Redo last action

**Ctrl + A** : select all
**Ctrl + O** : open
**Ctrl + S** : save
**Alt + F4** : close window

### LibreOffice Writer / OpenOffice Writer

#### Text

**Ctrl + E** : Centered
**Ctrl + J** : Justify
**Ctrl + L** : Align Left
**Ctrl + R** : Align Right
**Ctrl + D** : Double Underline
**Ctrl + Shift + P** : Superscript
**Ctrl + Shift + B** : Subscript

#### Paragraph Style

**Ctrl + 0 (zero)** : Apply the Default style
**Ctrl + 1** : Apply the Heading 1 style
**Ctrl + 2** : Apply the Heading 2 style
**Ctrl + 3** : Apply the Heading 3 style
**Ctrl + 5** : 1.5 Line Spacing

**Ctrl + Plus Key (+)** : Calculates the selected text and copies the result to the clipboard
**Ctrl + Hyphen (-)** : Custom hyphens; hyphenation set by you
**Ctrl + Shift + minus sign (-)** : Non-breaking dash (is not used for hyphenation).
**Ctrl + *** (multiplication sign on number pad) : Run macro field.
**Ctrl + Space** : Non-breaking spaces that are not used for hyphenation and are not expanded if the text is justified
**Shift + Enter** : Line break without paragraph change
**Ctrl + Enter** : Manual page break
**Ctrl + Shift + Enter** : Column break in multi-columnar texts
**Alt + Enter** : Inserting a new paragraph without numbering;
**Alt + Enter** : Inserting a new paragraph directly before or after a section or a table
**Arrow Left** : Move cursor to left
**Shift + Arrow Left** : Move cursor with selection to the left
**Ctrl + Arrow Left** : Go to beginning of word
**Ctrl + Shift + Arrow Left** : Selecting to the left word by word
**Arrow Right** : Move cursor to right
**Shift + Arrow Right** : Move cursor with selection to the right
**Ctrl + Arrow Right** : Go to end of word
**Ctrl + Shift + Arrow Right** : Selecting to the right word by word
**Arrow Up** : Move up one line
**Shift + Arrow Up** : Selecting lines in an upwards direction
**Arrow Down** : Move cursor down one line
**Shift + Arrow Down** : Selecting lines in a downward direction
**Home** : Go to beginning of line
**Shift + Home** : Go and select to the beginning of a line
**End** : Go to end of line
**Shift + End** : Go and select to end of line
**Ctrl + Home** : Go to start of document
**Ctrl + Shift + Home** : Go and select text to start of document
**Ctrl + End** : Go to end of document
**Ctrl + Shift + End** : Go and select text to end of document
**Ctrl + Page Up** : Switch cursor between text and header
**Ctrl + Page Down** : Switch cursor between text and footer
**Insert** : Insert mode on/off
**Page Up** : Screen page up
**Shift + Page Up** : Move up screen page with selection
**Page Down** : Move down screen page
**Shift + Page Down** : Move down screen page with selection
**Ctrl + Delete** : Delete text to end of word
**Ctrl + Backspace** : Delete text to beginning of word
**Ctrl + Shift + Delete** : Delete text to end of sentence
**Ctrl + Shift + Backspace** : Delete text to beginning of sentence
**Ctrl + Tab** : Next suggestion with Automatic Word Completion
**Ctrl + Shift + Tab** : Use previous suggestion with Automatic Word Completion
**Alt + W** : Spell checker dialog; call back the original unknown word into the text box
**Ctrl + Shift + F10** or **Ctrl + mouse double-click** : Dock or un-dock the Navigator, Styles and Formatting window, or other windows

#### Tables

**Ctrl + A** : If the active cell is empty, selects the whole table; otherwise it selects the contents of the active cell; pressing it a second time selects the entire table
**Ctrl + Home** : If the active cell is empty, moves the cursor to the beginning of the table; pressing it again moves the cursor to the beginning of document; if the active cell is not empty, moves the cursor to the beginning of the active cell; pressing it a second time moves the cursor to the beginning of the current table; a third press moves the cursor to the beginning of the document
**Ctrl + End** : If the active cell is empty, moves the cursor to the end of the table; pressing it again moves the cursor to the end of document; if the active cell is not empty, moves the cursor to the end of the active cell; pressing it a second time moves the cursor to the end of the current table; a third press moves the cursor to the end of the document
**Ctrl + Tab** : Inserts a tab stop (only in tables); depending on the Window Manager in use, the Alt + Tab may be used instead
**Ctrl + Shift + Arrow Up** : Jumps to start of table
**Ctrl + Shift + Arrow Down** : Jumps to end of table
**Alt + Arrow Keys** : Increases or decreases the size of the column or row on the right or bottom cell edge
**Alt + Shift + Arrow Keys** : Increases or decreases the size of the column or row on the left or top cell edge
**Ctrl + Alt + Shift + Arrow Keys** : Like Alt, but only the active cell is modified.
**Alt + Insert** : Provides 3 seconds in Insert mode, during which time pressing an **Arrow Key** inserts a row or column, or **Ctrl + Arrow Key** will insert a cell
**Alt + Delete** : Provides 3 seconds in Delete mode, during which time pressing an **Arrow Key** deletes a row or column, or **Ctrl + Arrow Key** merges the active cell with the neighbouring cell
**Ctrl + Shift + T** : Removes cell protection from all selected tables; if no table is selected, then cell protection is removed from all of the tables in the document
**Ctrl + Shift + Delete** : If nothing is selected, the contents of the next cell will be deleted; if cells are selected, the whole row(s) of the selection will be deleted; if all rows are selected completely or partially, the entire table will be deleted

#### Paragraphs And Heading Levels

**Ctrl + Alt + Up Arrow** or **Ctrl + Up Arrow** : Moves the active paragraph or selected paragraphs up one paragraph
**Ctrl + Alt + Down Arrow** or **Ctrl + Down Arrow** : Moves the active paragraph or selected paragraphs down one paragraph
**Tab** : The heading in format Heading X (X = 1-9) is moved down one level in the outline
**Shift + Tab** : The heading in format Heading X (X = 2-10) is moved up one level in the outline
**Ctrl + Tab** : At the start of a heading, inserts a tab stop. Depending on the Window Manager in use, Alt+Tab may be used instead; to change the heading level with the keyboard, first position the cursor in front of the heading

### LibreOffice Math / OpenOffice Math

**Ctrl + Alt + Delete** : Shut down
**F3** : Repeat again
**F2** : Help
**F5** : Refresh
**Ctrl + B** : Bold
**Ctrl + U** : Underline
**Ctrl + End** : Go bottom
**Ctrl + Home** : Go on top
**F7** : Enter query
**Ctrl + F** : Find
**Ctrl + R** : Replace
**Ctrl + P** : Print
**Ctrl + G** : Go to
**Ctrl + E** : Eject
**Ctrl + V** : Paste
**Ctrl + C** : Copy
**F10** : Save
**Backspace** : Go back
**Shift + Delete** : Delete all
**Shift + Down Arrow** : Move downwards
**Esc** : Exit

### LibreOffice Impress / OpenOffice Impress

**F2** : Edit text
**F3** : Edit group
**Ctrl + F3** : Exit group
**Shift + F3** : Duplicate
**F4** : Position and Size
**F5** : View Slide Show
**Ctrl + Shift + F5** : Navigator
**F7** : Spell check
**Ctrl + F7** : Thesaurus
**F8** : Edit Points
**Ctrl + Shift + F8** : Fit text to frame
**F11** : Styles and Formatting

#### Navigating In Slide Sorter

**Esc** : Moves the focus to the first slide.
**Arrow Keys** : Moves the focus to the next slide.
**Spacebar** : Makes the slide with the focus the current slide.

#### Normal View

**+** (Plus sign) : Zoom in
**-** (Minus sign) : Zoom out
***** : Fit page in window
**/** : Zoom in on current selection
**Shift + Ctrl + G** : Group selected objects
**Shift + Ctrl + Alt + A** : Un-group selected group
**Ctrl + Mouse Click** : Enter a group
**Shift + Ctrl + K** : Combine selected objects
**Ctrl + Plus** (+) : Bring to Front
**Shift + Ctrl + Plus** (+) : Bring Forward
**Ctrl + Minus** (-) : Send Backward
**Shift + Ctrl + Minus** (-) : Send to Back

#### Slide Shows

**Esc** : End presentation
**Spacebar** : Play next effect (if any)
**Alt + Page Down** : Go to next slide without playing effects
**2 + Enter** : Type a number of a slide (e.g. 2) and press Enter to go to the slide
**Alt + Page Up** : Go to the previous slide without playing effects
**Home** : Jump to first slide in the slide show
**End** : Jump to the last slide in the slide show
**Ctrl + Page Up** : Go to the previous slide
**Ctrl + Page Down** : Go to the next slide
**B** : Show black screen until next key or mouse wheel event
**W** : Show white screen until next key or mouse wheel event

### LibreOffice Draw / OpenOffice Draw

**Enter** : Activates the focused button in a dialog
**Esc** : Terminates the action or dialog; in Help goes up one level
**Spacebar** : Toggles the focused check box in a dialog
**Arrow Keys** : Changes the active control field in an option section of a dialog
**Tab** : Advances focus to the next section or element in a dialog
**Shift + Tab** : Moves the focus to the previous section or element in a dialog
**Alt + Down Arrow** : Opens the list of the control field currently selected in a dialog; these shortcut keys apply not only to combo boxes but also to icon buttons with pop-up menus; close an opened list by pressing the **Esc** key
**Delete** : Deletes the selected items into the Recycle Bin
**Shift + Delete** : Deletes the selected items without putting them in the Recycle Bin
**Ctrl + O** : Opens a document
**Ctrl + S** : Saves the current document
**Ctrl + N** : Creates a new document
**Ctrl + P** : Prints document
**Ctrl + C** : Copies the selected items
**Ctrl + Shift + V** : Opens the Paste Special dialog

### LibreOffice Calc / OpenOffice Calc

**Ctrl + Home** : Moves the cursor to the first cell in the sheet (A1)
**Ctrl + End** : Moves the cursor to the last cell on the sheet that contains data
**Home** : Moves the cursor to the first cell of the current row
**End** : Moves the cursor to the last cell of the current row in a column containing data
**Ctrl + Left Arrow** : Moves the cursor to the left edge of the current data range; if the column to the left of the cell that contains the cursor is empty
**Ctrl + Right Arrow** : Moves the cursor to the right edge of the current data range; if the column to the right of the cell that contains the cursor is empty
**Ctrl + Up Arrow** : Moves the cursor to the top edge of the current data range; if the row above the cell that contains the cursor is empty
**Ctrl + Down Arrow** : Moves the cursor to the bottom edge of the current data range; if the row below the cell that contains the cursor is empty
**Ctrl + Shift + Arrow Keys** : Selects all cells containing data from the current cell to the end of the continuous range of data cells
**Ctrl + Page Up** : Moves one sheet to the left; in the Page Preview it moves to the previous print page
**Ctrl + Page Up** : Moves one sheet to the left; in the Page Preview it moves to the previous print page
**Ctrl + Page Down** : Moves one sheet to the right; in the Page Preview it moves to the next print page
**Page Up** : Moves the viewable rows up one screen
**Page Down** : Moves the viewable rows down one screen
**Alt + Page Up** : Moves the viewable columns one screen to the left
**Alt + Page Down** : Moves the viewable columns one screen to the right
**Shift + Ctrl + Page Up** : Adds the previous sheet to the current selection of sheets; if all the sheets in a spreadsheet are selected
**Shift + Ctrl + Page Down** : Adds the next sheet to the current selection of sheets; if all the sheets in a spreadsheet are selected
**Ctrl + *** (multiplication sign on the numeric key pad) : Selects the data range that contains the cursor; a range is a contiguous cell range that contains data and is bounded by empty row and columns
**Ctrl + /** (division sign on the numeric key pad) : Selects the matrix formula range that contains the cursor
**Shift + F1** : Displays context help
**Ctrl + F1** : Displays the note that is attached to the current cell
**F2** : Switches to Edit mode and places the cursor at the end of the contents of the current cell; if the cursor is in an input box in a dialog that has a minimize button
**Ctrl + F2** : Opens the Function Wizard
**Shift + Ctrl + F2** : Moves the cursor to the input line where you can enter a formula for the current cell
**Alt + Down Arrow** : Increases the height of current row
**Alt + Right Arrow** : Increases the width of the current column
**Alt + Shift + Arrow Keys** : Optimizes the column width or row height based on the current cell
**F12** : Groups the selected data range
**Shift + F11** : Creates a document template
**F9** : Recalculates all of the formulas in the sheet
**F8** : Turns additional selection mode on or off in this mode
**Ctrl + F8** : Highlights cells containing numeric values (not text)
**F7** : Checks spelling in the current sheet
**F4** : Shows or hides the Database Sources menu

### LibreOffice Base / OpenOffice Base

**Ctrl + O** : Open entry in the File menu
**Alt** : Calling Menus
**Shift + Ctrl + S** : Open the Special Characters dialog to insert one or more special characters
**Ctrl + A** : Select the entire text
**Ctrl + Delete** : Delete everything from the cursor position to the end of the word
**Insert** : Switch between the insert mode and the overwrite mode and back again
**Ctrl + Z** : Undo modifications one step at a time
**Shift + Ctrl + Q** : Terminate a macro that is currently running
**Ctrl + S** : Saves the current document
**Ctrl + N** : Creates a new document
**Shift + Ctrl + N** : Opens Templates and Documents dialog
**Ctrl + P** : Prints document
**Ctrl + Q** : Exits the application
**Ctrl + X** : Cuts out the selected elements
**Ctrl + C** : Copies the selected items
**Ctrl + V** : Pastes from the clipboard
**Ctrl + Shift + V** : Opens the Paste Special dialog
**Ctrl + Y** : Redo the last action
**Ctrl + F** : Calls the Find & Replace dialog
**Ctrl + Shift + F** : Search for the last entered search term
**Ctrl + Shift + J** : Toggle the view between fullscreen mode and normal mode in Writer or Calc
**Ctrl + Shift + R** : Redraws the document view
**Shift + Ctrl + I** : Enable or disable the selection cursor in read-only text
**Ctrl + I** : Apply the Italic attribute to the selected area
**Ctrl + B** : Apply the Bold attribute to the selected area
**Ctrl + U** : Apply the Underlined attribute to the selected area

#### Function Keys

**F1** : Starts the Help
**Shift + F1** : Context Help
**Shift + F2** : Turns on Extended Tips for the currently selected command. icon or control
**Alt + F4** : Closes the current document (close OpenOffice when the last open document is closed)
**F6** : Sets focus in next subwindow (e.g. document/data source view)
**Shift + F6** : Sets focus in previous subwindow
**F10** : Activates the first menu (File menu)
**Shift + F10** : Opens the context menu
**Ctrl + F11** : Opens the Style Catalog

#### Drawing Objects

**Tab** : Selects the next Drawing Object
**Ctrl + Home** : Selects the first Drawing Object
**Ctrl + End** : Selects the last Drawing Object
**Esc** : Ends Drawing Object selection
**Shift + Spacebar** : Select an additional point in Point Selection mode

#### Gallery Preview Area

**Ctrl + Shift + Insert** : Inserts the selected object as a linked object into the current document
**Ctrl + I** : Inserts a copy of the selected object into the current document
**Ctrl + T** : Opens the Enter Title dialog
**Ctrl + P** : Switches between themes view and object view
**Spacebar** : Spacebar Switches between themes view and object view

#### Table Selection

**Spacebar** : Spacebar toggles row selection, except when the row is in edit mode
**Ctrl + Spacebar** : Toggles row selection
**Shift + Spacebar** : Selects the current column

Recommended reading:

[Tutorials For OpenOffice.org](http://www.tutorialsforopenoffice.org/)

[OpenOffice Keyboard Shortcuts](http://www.shortcutmania.com/applicationListByVendor_filterSun+Microsystems.htm) - ShortcutMania.com online database of keyboard shortcuts

===== The Linux Documentation Project =====

[The Linux Documentation Project](http://www.tldp.org/sorted_howtos_full.html) is working towards developing free, high quality documentation for the Linux operating system:

1. [subject-specific help](http://www.tldp.org/docs.html#howto)
2. [longer, in-depth books](http://www.tldp.org/guides.html)
3. [Frequently Asked Questions](http://www.tldp.org/FAQ/)
4. [help on individual commands](http://www.tldp.org/manpages/man.html)
5. [online magazine](http://www.tldp.org/LDP/LGNET/archives.html)
6. [additional documents of interest](http://www.tldp.org/docs.html#lf)
7. [work in progress](http://wiki.tldp.org/Page_Status)

The overall goal of the Linux Documentation Project is to [collaborate in all of the issues of Linux documentation](http://www.tldp.org/manifesto.html).

===== How to make a dual-boot into Windows put the “pagefile.sys” onto the linux-swap partition =====

You can have Linux use a swap file instead of a partition. You can also have Windows (via something like SwapFS - see http://www.acc.umu.se/~bosse/ or the mirror at http://branten.se/nt/) use a swap partition and move your pagefile.sys to it.

SwapFs is a driver for Windows that let you use a Linux swap partition for temporary storage, like a RAM-disk. It is possible to put Windows page file on it. It is implemented as a disk filter driver.
New in release 2.1 Works with swap partitions bigger than 4GB, works on 64-bit systems.
New in release 2: Works with standby and hibernation on Windows 2000/XP.

You should also know that there are two files for the Windows operating system: the paging file (pagefile.sys) for swap and the hibernation file (hiberfil.sys), which stores the system state when the Windows operating system goes into "hibernate" mode.

As mentioned in the swapfs.reg file, you should know that /dev/hda1 in Linux is equivalent to \\Device\\Harddisk0\\Partition1 in Windows NT. Please note that an extended partition number is skipped in the enumeration.

So, if your partition is sda4, you should try with 
> `SwapDevice"="\\Device\\Harddisk0\\Partition4`

and 

> `S:"="\\Device\\Harddisk0\\Partition4`

If it fails, you may need to write Harddisk1 instead of Harddisk0.

===== Linux Filesystem Explained =====

To learn more about the [Filesystem Hierarchy Standard](http://www.pathname.com/fhs/), download the PDF file from [here](http://www.pathname.com/fhs/pub/fhs-2.3.pdf).

**The Root Filesystem** **Hierarchy**

**/** : Root directory

**/bin** : Essential user command binaries (for use by all users)

/boot : Static files of the bootloader

**/dev** : Device files

**/etc** : Host-specific system configuration

/etc/opt : Configuration files for /opt

/etc/X11 : Configuration for the X Window System (optional)

/etc/sgml : Configuration files for SGML (optional)

/etc/xml : Configuration files for XML (optional)

/home : User home directories (optional)

/lib: Essential shared libraries and kernel modules

**/lib32** and **/lib64** : 32/64-bit libraries (architecture dependent) - alternate format essential shared libraries (optional)

/media : Mount point for removeable media

/mnt : Mount point for a temporarily mounted filesystem

/opt : Add-on application software packages

**/proc** : Kernel and process information virtual filesystem

/root : Home directory for the root user (optional)

**/sbin** : Essential system binaries

/srv : Data for services provided by this system

/tmp : Temporary files

**The /usr Hierarchy**

/usr/X11R6 : X Window System, Version 11 Release 6 (optional)

/usr/bin : Most user commands

**/usr/include** : Directory for standard include files, header files included by C programs.

/usr/lib : Libraries for programming and packages

**/usr/lib32** or **/usr/lib64** : Alternate format libraries (optional)

/usr/local : Local hierarchy

/usr/local/share : Shared stuff

/usr/sbin: Non-essential standard system binaries

/usr/share : Architecture-independent data

/usr/share/dict : Wordlists (optional)

/usr/share/man : Manual pages

/usr/share/misc : Miscellaneous architecture-independent data

/usr/share/sgml: SGML data (optional)

/usr/share/xml : XML data (optional)

**/usr/src** : Source code (optional)

**The /var Hierarchy**

/var/account : Process accounting logs (optional)

/var/cache : Application cache data

/var/cache/fonts : Locally-generated fonts (optional)

/var/cache/man: Locally-formatted manual pages (optional)

/var/crash : System crash dumps (optional)

/var/games : Variable game data (optional)

/var/lib : Variable state information

/var/lib/ : Editor backup files and state (optional)

/var/lib/hwclock : State directory for hardware clock (optional)

/var/lib/misc : Miscellaneous variable data

/var/lock : Lock files

/var/log : Log files and directories

/var/mail : User mailbox files (optional)

/var/opt : Variable data for /opt

/var/run : Run-time variable data

/var/spool : Application spool data

**/var/spool/cron** : cron and at jobs

/var/spool/lpd : Line-printer daemon print queues (optional)

/var/spool/rwho : Rwhod files (optional)

/var/tmp : Temporary files preserved between system reboots

/var/yp : Network Information Service (NIS) database files (optional)

===== Linux Terminal Command Reference =====

### System Info

**date** – Show the current date and time
**cal** – Show this month's calendar
**uptime** – Show current uptime
**w** – Display who is online
**whoami** – Who you are logged in as
**finger *user*** – Display information about ***user***
**uname -a** – Show kernel information
**cat /proc/cpuinfo** – CPU information
**cat /proc/meminfo** – Memory information
**df** **-h** – Show disk usage
**du** – Show directory space usage
**free** – Show memory and swap usage

### Keyboard Shortcuts

**Enter** – Run the command
**Up Arrow** – Show the previous command
**Ctrl + R** – Allows you to type a part of the command you're looking for and finds it

**Ctrl + Z** – Stops the current command, resume with **fg** in the foreground or **bg** in the background
**Ctrl + C** – Halts the current command, cancel the current operation and/or start with a fresh new line
**Ctrl + L** – Clear the screen

***command* | less** – Allows the scrolling of the bash command window using **Shift + Up Arrow** and **Shift + Down Arrow**
**!!** – Repeats the last command
***command*** **!$** – Repeats the last argument of the previous command
**Esc + . (a period)** – Insert the last argument of the previous command on the fly, which enables you to edit it before executing the command

**Ctrl + A** – Return to the start of the command you're typing
**Ctrl + E** – Go to the end of the command you're typing
**Ctrl + U** – Cut everything before the cursor to a special clipboard, erases the whole line
**Ctrl + K** – Cut everything after the cursor to a special clipboard
**Ctrl + Y** – Paste from the special clipboard that **Ctrl + U** and **Ctrl + K** save their data to
**Ctrl + T** – Swap the two characters before the cursor (you can actually use this to transport a character from the left to the right, try it!)
**Ctrl + W** – Delete the word / argument left of the cursor in the current line

**Ctrl + D** – Log out of current session, similar to **exit**

### Learn the Commands

**apropos** ***subject*** – List manual pages for ***subject***
**man -k *keyword*** – Display man pages containing ***keyword***
**man *command*** – Show the manual for ***command***
**man -t *man* | ps2pdf - > *man.pdf*** – Make a pdf of a manual page
**which** ***command*** – Show full path name of ***command***
**time *command*** – See how long a ***command*** takes

**whereis *app*** – Show possible locations of ***app***
**which *app*** – Show which ***app*** will be run by default; it shows the full path

### Searching

**grep *pattern* *files*** – Search for ***pattern*** in ***files***
**grep -r *pattern* *dir*** – Search recursively for ***pattern*** in ***dir***
***command |*** **grep** ***pattern*** – Search for ***pattern*** in the output of ***command***
**locate *file*** – Find all instances of ***file***
**find / -name *filename*** – Starting with the root directory, look for the file called ***filename***
**find / -name ”**filename**”** – Starting with the root directory, look for the file containing the string ***filename***
**locate *filename*** – Find a file called ***filename*** using the locate command; this assumes you have already used the command **updatedb** (see next)
**updatedb** – Create or update the database of files on all file systems attached to the Linux root directory
**which *filename*** – Show the subdirectory containing the executable file called ***filename***
**grep *TextStringToFind* /*dir*** – Starting with the directory called ***dir***, look for and list all files containing ***TextStringToFind***

### File Permissions

**chmod *octal* *file*** – Change the permissions of ***file*** to ***octal***, which can be found separately for user, group, and world by adding: 4 – read (r), 2 – write (w), 1 – execute (x)
Examples:
**chmod 777** – read, write, execute for all
**chmod 755** – rwx for owner, rx for group and world
For more options, see **man chmod**.

### File Commands

**ls** – Directory listing
**ls -l** – List files in current directory using long format
**ls -laC** – List all files in current directory in long format and display in columns
**ls -F** – List files in current directory and indicate the file type
**ls -al** – Formatted listing with hidden files

**cd *dir*** – Change directory to ***dir***
**cd** – Change to home
**mkdir** ***dir*** – Create a directory ***dir***
**pwd** – Show current directory

**rm *name*** – Remove a file or directory called ***name***
**rm** ***-r dir*** – Delete directory ***dir***
**rm -f *file*** – Force remove ***file***
**rm -rf *dir*** – Force remove an entire directory ***dir*** and all it’s included files and subdirectories (use with extreme caution)

**cp *file1 file2*** – Copy ***file1*** to ***file2***
**cp -r *dir1 dir2*** – Copy ***dir1*** to ***dir2***; create ***dir2*** if it doesn't exist
**cp *file* /home/*dirname*** – Copy the filename called ***file*** to the **/home/dirname** directory

**mv *file* /home/*dirname*** – Move the ***file*** called filename to the ***/home/dirname*** directory
**mv** ***file1 file2*** – Rename or move ***file1*** to ***file2***; if ***file2*** is an existing directory, moves ***file1*** into directory ***file2***

**ln -s *file link*** – Create symbolic link ***link*** to ***file***
**touch *file*** – Create or update ***file***
**cat > *file*** – Places standard input into ***file***
**cat *file*** – Display the file called ***file***

**more *file*** – Display the file called ***file*** one page at a time, proceed to next page using the spacebar
**head *file*** – Output the first 10 lines of ***file***
**head -20 *file*** – Display the first 20 lines of the file called ***file***
**tail *file*** – Output the last 10 lines of ***file***
**tail -20 *file*** – Display the last 20 lines of the file called ***file***
**tail -f *file*** – Output the contents of ***file*** as it grows, starting with the last 10 lines

### Compression

**tar cf *file.tar files*** – Create a tar named ***file.tar*** containing ***files***
***tar xf file.tar*** – Extract the files from ***file.tar***

**tar czf *file.tar.gz files*** – Create a tar with Gzip compression
**tar xzf *file.tar.gz*** – Extract a tar using Gzip

***tar cjf file.tar.bz2*** – Create a tar with Bzip2 compression
**tar xjf *file.tar.bz2*** – Extract a tar using Bzip2

**gzip *file*** – Compresses ***file*** and renames it to ***file.gz***
**gzip -d *file.gz*** – Decompresses ***file.gz*** back to ***file***

### Printing

**/etc/rc.d/init.d/lpd start** – Start the print daemon
**/etc/rc.d/init.d/lpd stop** – Stop the print daemon
**/etc/rc.d/init.d/lpd status** – Display status of the print daemon
**lpq** – Display jobs in print queue
**lprm** – Remove jobs from queue
**lpr** – Print a file
**lpc** – Printer control tool
**man *subject* | lpr** – Print the manual page called ***subject*** as plain text
**man -t *subject* | lpr** – Print the manual page called ***subject*** as Postscript output
**printtool** – Start X printer setup interface

### Network

**ifconfig** – List IP addresses for all devices on the local machine
**iwconfig** – Used to set the parameters of the network interface which are specific to the wireless operation (for example: the frequency)
**iwlist** – used to display some additional information from a wireless network interface that is not displayed by **iwconfig**
**ping** ***host*** – Ping ***host*** and output results
**whois *domain*** – Get whois information for ***domain***
**dig *domain*** – Get DNS information for ***domain***
**dig -x** ***host*** – Reverse lookup ***host***
**wget *file*** – Download ***file***
**wget -c** ***file*** – Continue a stopped download

### SSH

**ssh *user*@*host*** – Connect to ***host*** as ***user***
**ssh -p *port user*@*host*** – Connect to ***host*** on port ***port*** as ***user***
**ssh-copy-id *user*@*host*** – Add your key to ***host*** for ***user*** to enable a keyed or passwordless login

### User Administration

**adduser** ***accountname*** – Create a new user call ***accountname***
**passwd *accountname*** – Give ***accountname*** a new password
**su** – Log in as superuser from current login
**exit** – Stop being superuser and revert to normal user

### Process Management

**ps** – Display your currently active processes
**top** – Display all running processes
**kill *pid*** – Kill process id ***pid***
**killall *proc*** – Kill all processes named ***proc*** (use with extreme caution)
**bg** – Lists stopped or background jobs; resume a stopped job in the background
**fg** – Brings the most recent job to foreground
**fg** ***n*** – Brings job ***n*** to the foreground

### Installation from source

**./configure**
**make**
**make install**
**dpkg -i** ***pkg.deb*** – install a DEB package (Debian / Ubuntu / Linux Mint)
**rpm -Uvh *pkg.rpm*** – install a RPM package (Red Hat / Fedora)

### Stopping & Starting

**shutdown -h now** – Shutdown the system now and do not reboot
**halt** – Stop all processes - same as above
**shutdown -r 5** – Shutdown the system in 5 minutes and reboot
**shutdown -r now** – Shutdown the system now and reboot
**reboot** – Stop all processes and then reboot - same as above
**startx** – Start the X system

Recommended reading:

[Cheat-Sheets.org](http://www.cheat-sheets.org/#Linux) – All cheat sheets, round-ups, quick reference cards, quick reference guides and quick reference sheets in one page. The only one you need.

[Tutorial: The best tips & tricks for bash, explained](http://www.linuxtutorialblog.com/post/tutorial-the-best-tips-tricks-for-bash) – Linux Tutorial Blog / Quality Linux tutorials without clutter

[LinuxCommand.org](http://linuxcommand.org/) – Learning the shell, Writing shell scripts, Script library, SuperMan pages, Who, What, Where, Why

[LinuxManPages.com](http://linuxmanpages.com/) – General commands, System calls, Subroutines, Special files, File formats, Games, Macros and conventions, Maintenence commands, Most Popular Man Pages

[Linux Man Pages from die.net](http://linux.die.net/man/) – Man pages are grouped into sections, to see the full list of Linux man pages for a section, pick one. Or you can browse Linux man pages by name; choose the first letter of the name of the Linux command, function, or file you are interested in.

[Linux Newbie Guide: Shorcuts and Commands](http://www.unixguide.net/linux/linuxshortcuts.shtml) – Linux essential shortcuts and sanity commands; Common Linux commands - system info; Basic operations, network apps, file (de)compression; Process control; Basic administration commands, accessing drives/partitions; Network administration tools, music-related commands, graphics-related commands.

[Sudo Manual Pages](http://www.gratisoft.us/sudo/man.html) – Sudo (su "do") allows a system administrator to delegate authority to give certain users (or groups of users) the ability to run some (or all) commands as root or another user while providing an audit trail of the commands and their arguments. For more information, see the [introduction to Sudo](http://www.gratisoft.us/sudo/intro.html). Sudo is *free software*, distributed under an [ISC-style license](http://www.gratisoft.us/sudo/license.html).

[LinOxide.com](http://linoxide.com/linux-command/linux-commands-cheat-sheet/) – Linux Commands Cheat Sheet in Black & White